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§®§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §ã§à§ð§Ù §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ (IRU) §Ò§í§Ý §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß §Ó §¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ö 75 §Ý§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Õ §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ö, §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ñ§Þ §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó §Ú §á§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ§Ø§Ú§â§à§Ó, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö.

§®§í §ã§ä§Ú§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §â§à§ã§ä §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ §Ó 100 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç, §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§í §Ó§ã§Ö§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§ç §à§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§à§â§à§Ó, §Õ§Ý§ñ §é§Ö§Ô§à §Ú§Ù§í§ã§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ó§ã§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§í §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î §Ó§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à §é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. 

§®§í §å§Ø§Ö §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §Ý§Ö§ä §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ñ§Ö§Þ §ã §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §ã§à§ð§Ù§à§Þ §Ú §Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ø§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§Ñ§Þ §Ú §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã§å §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Û §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú.

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1940-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í

IRU §Ò§í§Ý §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß §Ó §¨§Ö§ß§Ö§Ó§Ö §ã §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §ã§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§í§ç §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ö§Û §Ó §â§Ñ§Ù§â§å§ê§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§à§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö. §£ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Þ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ö §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Û §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§à§ð§Ù §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ý §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§Ñ§ã§ã§Ñ§Ø§Ú§â§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú§Ù §Ó§à§ã§î§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í. §©§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é§Ñ §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Û §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú §Ó §ä§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §é§ä§à §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û, §Ó §ã§Ó§à§ð §à§é§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§î, §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ §è§Ö§Ý§î §à§é§Ö§â§ä§Ú§ä§î §Ü§à§ß§ä§å§â§í §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í.

§£ 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§å ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §®§¥§±, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ý§Ñ §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ñ §Ó§á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§å§ð §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð. §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§± §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §ä§Ö§Þ §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý §ã§ä§Ú§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§ð §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Ó§à§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ó §à§Ò§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ö §ç§â§å§á§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ §Ô§Ö§à§á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó. §¥§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ä§à§ä §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ö §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ä§à§Ó§Ñ§â§à§Ó §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §á§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§ß§à §Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§í §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß, §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§ç§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à-§ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§ã§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§±, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §á§â§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ.

1950-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ

§±§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã§à§Ó §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ó §°§°§¯ §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§à ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ(§Ó §ä§Ö§ã§ß§à§Þ §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ã §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß) §á§â§Ú§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§ä§î §Ü §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Þ §ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§à §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§æ§Ö§â§å §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §ß§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Õ§Ö§ã§ñ§ä§à§Ü §Ý§Ö§ä. §±§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §Ó§ã§Ö §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §°§°§¯, §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö§ã§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §Ú §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §ä§à§ä §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü, §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§Ñ§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ï§ä§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §á§à§Õ §ï§Ô§Ú§Õ§à§Û, §Ý§Ú§Ò§à §á§â§Ú §ä§Ö§ã§ß§à§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ú IRU.

§£ 1956 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§Ñ §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §à §Õ§à§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§Ö §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Õ§à§â§à§Ø§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ú §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó (§¬§¥§±§¤). §¥§Ñ§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß, §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§å§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ö §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó. §£§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §®§¥§±, §Ó§á§Ý§à§ä§î §Õ§à §ã§Ö§Ô§à§Õ§ß§ñ§ê§ß§Ö§Ô§à §Õ§ß§ñ, §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ñ§Þ§í§Þ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Þ §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ, §â§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §à§ä§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ, §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§é§Ú§Ü§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ö §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó. §¿§ä§Ñ §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §æ§à§â§Þ§å §Õ§à§Ü§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ö, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §ã§à§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§ä §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§å§ð §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ú§Þ§à§Þ §Ô§â§å§Ù§Ö.

§£ §æ§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§Ý§Ö 2008 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §¬§¥§±§¤ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §Õ§à§á§à§Ý§ß§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý§à§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§à§Û §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Û. §µ§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §á§â§à§ä§à§Ü§à§Ý §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §ã§à§Ò§à§Û §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§å §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú "§à§è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú" §ã§æ§Ö§â§í §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ú §Ý§à§Ô§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§î §ä§Ö §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Õ§Ó§Ñ§Õ§è§Ñ§ä§î §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§ä §Ö§Ö §à§Ò§Ý§Ú§Ü.

§£§ß§Ö§Õ§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§± §Ó 1959 §Ô§à§Õ§å §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§à§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§ß§Ö §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§à§Þ §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à-§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §á§Ñ§â§ä§ß§Ö§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§Ú §°§°§¯. §£ §â§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ò§í§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ñ §à §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ö §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó §ã §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ü§ß§Ú§Ø§Ü§Ú §®§¥§±. ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§à§Û §®§¥§±, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§ä§à§é§ß§à §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§à §á§â§Ö§Ó§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §Ó §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ.

1960-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù §á§â§Ö§á§ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Û

§±§à§á§à§Ý§ß§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §â§ñ§Õ§í ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ß§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §é§Ý§Ö§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú§Ù §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß §£§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í, §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú IRU. §£ §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ã§Õ§Ó§Ú§Ô§à§Ó §Ú §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ü§à§ß§æ§Ý§Ú§Ü§ä§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ñ§â§Ö§ß§Ö ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§å§ð §Ò§Ö§ã§á§â§Ú§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§å§ð §ä§à§é§Ü§å §Ù§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ. §£ §Ù§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§í§ç §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ñ§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ä §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö, §Ú §à§Ò§Þ§Ö§ß §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§à§Ó§í§Þ §à§á§í§ä§à§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §à§Õ§ß§Ú§Þ §Ú§Ù §á§â§Ú§à§â§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§à§Ó IRU.

§£ 1966 §Ô§à§Õ§å ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§å§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§Ó§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§í ¨C §Ù§Ñ §á§â§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Û §Ô§Ö§â§à§Ú§Ù§Þ §Ú, §é§ä§à §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à, §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §¿§ä§à §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§à§Û §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ §á§à§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú. §³§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§ñ§ñ §Ó§Ö§â§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ñ§Þ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ó §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í, ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §à§ä§ã§ä§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§í, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ó§Ù§Ñ§Ú§Þ§à§Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§ñ §ã §°§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §°§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §¯§Ñ§è§Ú§Û, §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §Ô§à§ã§å§Õ§Ñ§â§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ú §ß§Ö§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ, §Ó §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ó §â§Ñ§Þ§Ü§Ñ§ç §¬§à§Þ§Ú§ã§ã§Ú§Û IRU §á§à §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§à§â§à§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ, §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§í§Þ §Ó§à§á§â§à§ã§Ñ§Þ, §â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ö§Û §Ô§â§å§á§á§í §ï§Ü§ã§á§Ö§â§ä§à§Ó §á§à §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ö §à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§í§ç §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó.

1970-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §Ñ§Ü§è§Ö§ß§ä §ß§Ñ §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Þ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ú

§±§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ö§Û§ß§Ö§â§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ó 70-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§ç §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§í §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó. §¯§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§à§ã§ä§î §Ó §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Þ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ñ§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §à§é§Ö§Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§à§Û. §£ 1975 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ñ §®§¥§±, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ú§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ß§Ñ §ã§Þ§Ö§ß§å §â§Ö§Õ§Ñ§Ü§è§Ú§Ú 1959 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§å §®§¥§± §ß§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Þ §Ú§ß§ã§ä§â§å§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§à§Þ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§Ñ §Ó §ã§æ§Ö§â§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Þ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü.

§±§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Þ§à§ä§â §Ü§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§ä§î §Ö§Ö §á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Þ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§Ü§Ú §Ô§â§å§Ù§à§Ó §á§â§Ú §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§à §Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö§Û §Þ§Ö§â§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§Ü §Þ§Ñ§â§ê§â§å§ä§Ñ §á§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §á§à §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Õ§à§â§à§Ô§Ö.

1980-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §à§ä§Ü§â§í§ä§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó §¢§â§ð§ã§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö

§µ§é§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§Ó §¢§â§ð§ã§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö (§ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§à §Ó 1973 §Ô§à§Õ§å) §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§à §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ö §Ü §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§å §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§ä§Ú§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö. 1980-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ§à§Þ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ñ§â§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§ä §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ã§å§Õ §á§í§ä§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Õ§à§Ò§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §à§ä §³§à§Ó§Ö§ä§Ñ §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ð§Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Û §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú. §²§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§å§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Þ§Ñ§Ö 1985 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ý§à §ã§Õ§Ó§Ú§ß§å§ä§î §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã §ã §Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ó§à§Û §ä§à§é§Ü§Ú.

§©§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§Õ§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §ß§Ñ §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§à§Ô§à §Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §â§í§ß§Ü§Ñ, §à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ï§ä§Ñ§á §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ý§Ú§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú, §Ó§í§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ §ß§Ñ §â§í§ß§à§Ü §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Ö§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ§Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ó §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§â§å§Õ§Ñ §Ú §à§ä§Õ§í§ç§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ò§à§Ý§î§ê§Ö§Ô§â§å§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ö§Û.

·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Ö §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ù§Ñ§Ü§à§ß§à§ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§à§ð§Ù§Ñ, §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§ß§à§Û §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ, §Õ§à§Ò§â§à§ã§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ü§å§â§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ó§Ö§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Û §â§à§Ý§Ú §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §Ó §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§Ý§Ú §Ú §ä§å§â§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §Ó §¦§Ó§â§à§á§Ö. §£ §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §ï§ä§Ñ §Õ§Ö§ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ö§ë§Ö §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§Û §Ó §ã§Ó§Ö§ä§Ö §¢§â§Ö§Ü§ã§Ú§ä§Ñ, §à§Ò§ã§å§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§Ñ§Ü§Ö§ä§Ñ §á§â§Ñ§Ó§à§Ó§í§ç §Ñ§Ü§ä§à§Ó §á§à §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Õ§Ö§Ü§Ñ§â§Ò§à§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú.

§³ §è§Ö§Ý§î§ð §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Ü§à§Þ§æ§à§â§ä§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§Ó§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§Ú§æ§Ú§Ü§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §ä§å§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ò§å§ã§à§Ó §á§à §Ù§Ó§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Þ.

1990-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ

§±§à§ã§Ý§Ö §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ô§à "§³§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ú§ä§Ñ §©§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ú", §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§Ó§ê§Ö§Ô§à§ã§ñ §Ó §²§Ú§à-§Õ§Ö-§¨§Ñ§ß§Ö§Û§â§à §Ó 1992 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §ß§Ñ §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Þ 182 §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í §å§ä§Ó§Ö§â§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ú "§±§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§å §Õ§ß§ñ §ß§Ñ XXI §Ó§Ö§Ü", ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ò§ñ §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §á§à §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§Ñ §°§°§¯ §á§à §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Þ§å §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð §Ú §Ó§ß§à§ã§Ú§ä §Ú§ç §Ó §é§Ú§ã§Ý§à §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §å§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§é. §£ 1996 §Ô§à§Õ§å ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §·§Ñ§â§ä§Ú§ð §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§í§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ô§Ú§Ú §ä§â§Ö§ç "§Ú" (§Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú, §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í, §Ú§ß§æ§â§Ñ§ã§ä§â§å§Ü§ä§å§â§Ñ).

§±§à§Ù§Ø§Ö ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä §²§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ð "30-30", §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§î §à§Ò§ñ§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§î §Ó§í§Ò§â§à§ã§í §³§°? §ß§Ñ 30% §Ü 2030 §Ô§à§Õ§å.

§¡§Ü§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Þ§Ú§ñ IRU, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§Ñ§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ §à§Ò§å§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö 90-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó §á§â§à§ê§Ý§à§Ô§à §Ó§Ö§Ü§Ñ. §¦§Ö §Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§Ó§Ñ§ñ §â§à§Ý§î §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Þ§Ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§â§í§Ó§ß§à§Ö §Ú §è§Ö§Ý§à§ã§ä§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú. §²§Ö§Ù§å§Ý§î§ä§Ñ§ä§í §á§â§Ú §ï§ä§à§Þ §à§Ø§Ú§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ö§ã§î§Þ§Ñ §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â, §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§å§Ù§Ü§Ú §ß§Ñ §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §ã§â§Ö§Õ§å §Ú §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ò§Ö§Ù§à§á§Ñ§ã§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§à§â§à§Ø§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ó§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §á§â§à§Ô§â§Ñ§Þ§Þ§Ñ§Þ §á§à §ï§Ü§à-§Ó§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §¥§´§±. §¥§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§à§Ó §ß§Ñ §æ§à§ß§Ö §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ú§Þ§å§Ý§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §á§à§Ó§í§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ §Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú.

§£§à§á§â§à§ã§í §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §à§ã§ä§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ö §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ IRU, §á§â§à§Õ§à§Ý§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ä§Ö§ã§ß§à§Ö §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §ã§à §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Þ §Ò§Ñ§ß§Ü§à§Þ, §°§°§¯, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ§Þ§Ú §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú, §ß§Ñ§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ö §ß§Ñ §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§Ø§Ö §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §è§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ñ §Ú §æ§à§â§Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ü§Ú §Õ§ß§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ.

2000-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §º§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§å§ä§Ú

§ª§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó §ï§ä§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§í §é§Ý§Ö§ß§à§Þ ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§ã§ã§à§è§Ú§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ. §°§ã§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ñ §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ß§à§Ó§à§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§í, ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§à§Ò§ì§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ð §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §£§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ü§à§Ô§à §ê§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§å§ä§Ú. "§¯§à§Ó§Ñ§ñ §¦§Ó§â§à§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ñ§ä§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§Ñ" (§á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä NELTI), §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ IRU, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§Ú§Ý§Ñ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §¡§Ù§Ú§Ú §Ú §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í §ß§Ñ §Ó§ã§Ö§Û §ä§Ö§â§â§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §¦§Ó§â§à§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ñ§ä§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §Ü§à§ß§ä§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ §ã §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§í§Þ§Ú §â§í§ß§Ü§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ý§Ö§é§î §Ó§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ã§ä§Ó, §Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §ã§à§à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §à§Ô§â§à§Þ§ß§í§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§ñ§Þ, §à§ä§Ü§â§í§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §Ò§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ß§Ñ§Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§í§ç §Þ§Ñ§â§ê§â§å§ä§à§Ó.

§£ §ç§à§Õ§Ö §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ñ NELTI §ß§Ñ §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç 200 000 §á§Ö§â§Ö§ã§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Ò§í§Ý§à §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§à, §é§ä§à 57% §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä §á§â§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ §Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§è§Ñ§ç, §Ñ §ß§Ö§à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §ã§Ò§à§â§í §å§Ó§Ö§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §à§Ò§ë§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Õ§í §ß§Ñ 38%. §µ §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §®§¥§± §Ö§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ï§ä§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ.

§³ §á§à§ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó 2018 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ü§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í "§°§Õ§Ú§ß §á§à§ñ§ã §Ú §à§Õ§Ú§ß §á§å§ä§î" §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §à§é§Ö§Ó§Ú§Õ§ß§í§Þ, §é§ä§à §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§ñ§ñ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§å §Ó§à§Ù§â§à§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§Ñ§â§ê§â§å§ä§à§Ó §º§Ö§Ý§Ü§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §á§å§ä§Ú §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§à§ã§í§Ý§Ü§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§í§ç §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Ó §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ö. §£ §ã§Ñ§Þ§à§Þ §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ö, §á§â§Ú §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ú§ß§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§í "§°§Õ§Ú§ß §á§à§ñ§ã §Ú §à§Õ§Ú§ß §á§å§ä§î" §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û §à§ä§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §®§¥§± §à§Õ§ß§å §Ú§Ù §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§ç §â§à§Ý§Ö§Û.

2010-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í: §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ, §Ô§Ý§à§Ò§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §â§à§ã§ä §Ú §Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§í§Ö §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ

§³ 2010 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§Ó§ã§Ö §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§Ö§Ö §Õ§Ö§Û§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Ó §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §â§Ö§Ô§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§ç: §Ü §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ö §®§¥§± §á§â§Ú§ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î §¬§Ú§ä§Ñ§Û, §ª§ß§Õ§Ú§ñ §Ú §±§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ã§ä§Ñ§ß. §¿§ä§Ú §Ú §Õ§â§å§Ô§Ú§Ö §ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§í, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Ó §à§Ò§ë§Ö§Û §ã§Ý§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú 40% §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ö§Þ§ß§à§Ô§à §ê§Ñ§â§Ñ, §â§Ñ§ä§Ú§æ§Ú§è§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ú §¬§à§ß§Ó§Ö§ß§è§Ú§ð §à§Ò §®§¥§±. ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §á§à-§ß§Ñ§ã§ä§à§ñ§ë§Ö§Þ§å §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§à§Û §à§â§Ô§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ù§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û. 

§³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ §®§¥§± §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ú §ä§Ö§á§Ö§â§î §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §æ§å§ß§Ü§è§Ú§à§ß§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ó §â§Ö§Ø§Ú§Þ§Ö §Ú§ß§ä§Ö§â§Þ§à§Õ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ý§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü. §£ §Þ§Ú§â§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ã§Ö§ä§î §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§í§ç §ä§à§â§Ô§à§Ó§í§ç §Ü§à§â§Ú§Õ§à§â§à§Ó: §®§¥§± §Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§ß§ß§Ñ§ñ §ß§Ñ§Ü§Ý§Ñ§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ (e-CMR) §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§í§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§à§Þ §Ó §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§Ñ §Ü §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ.

§°§°§¯ §á§â§Ú§ß§ñ§Ý§Ñ §â§Ö§Ù§à§Ý§ð§è§Ú§ð, §á§à§Õ§é§Ö§â§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î e-CMR §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §ä§Ö§ç§ß§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Û §Ó §â§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú, §Ú §á§à§Õ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§Ö§Û§ê§Ö§Ö §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã IRU, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §á§à§Ý§ß§à§Þ§å §á§Ö§â§Ö§ç§à§Õ§å §ä§Ñ§Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ä§ß§à§Û §á§â§à§è§Ö§Õ§å§â§í §®§¥§± §Ó §è§Ú§æ§â§à§Ó§à§Û §æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§ä.

·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ù§Ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á§Ñ ?§à§Õ§ß§Ñ §å§ã§Ý§å§Ô§Ñ ¨C §à§Õ§ß§Ú §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ? §Ü §ß§à§Ó§í§Þ §å§é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§Ñ§Þ, §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Þ §ß§Ñ §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Û §â§í§ß§à§Ü §ä§Ñ§Ü§ã§Ú, §Ú §á§à§à§ë§â§ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§à §Ó§ã§Ö§Þ §ã§Ö§Ü§ä§à§â§Ö.

§£ §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ú §ã §â§à§ã§ä§à§Þ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§í §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ñ§Ö§Þ §Ù§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ê§Ú§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §Ú §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§Ô§à§â§à§Õ§ß§í§ç §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§Ò§å§ã§ß§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ó§à§Ù§à§Ü §Ü§Ñ§Ü §é§Ñ§ã§ä§î §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ô§à §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ñ §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Û §Þ§à§Ò§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú. §¢§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ö §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §à§Ò§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ä§â§Ñ§ß§ã§á§à§â§ä§Ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ö§ã§Ö§ä §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§Ô§à§Õ§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó§í§Ò§â§à§ã§à§Ó CO?, §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§Ñ§Ò§à§é§Ú§ç §Þ§Ö§ã§ä, §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §å§Þ§Ö§ß§î§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§å§Ø§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Õ§à§â§à§Ô.

§£§Ö§Õ§ñ §ß§Ñ§ê§å §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§î §Ó §Ò§å§Õ§å§ë§Ö§Ö, §£§ã§Ö§Þ§Ú§â§ß§í§Û §Ü§à§ß§Ô§â§Ö§ã§ã ·¬ÇÑÊÓƵ§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ  §á§Ý§Ñ§ä§æ§à§â§Þ§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§í§ß§Ö§ê§ß§Ú§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ú §á§à§Ú§ã§Ü§Ñ §ß§à§Ó§í§ç §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§Ö§Û , §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ä §ß§Ñ§Þ §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §á§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Þ §Ü§â§Ñ§Ö §Ú§ß§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§è§Ú§Û §Ó §á§Ö§â§Ú§à§Õ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§î §ã§ä§â§à§Ú§ä §á§Ý§Ñ§ß§í §ß§Ñ §Ò§Ý§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Û§ê§Ú§Ö 70 §Ý§Ö§ä.